1 00:00:13,759 --> 00:00:16,950 in his epic saga the inferno the italian 2 00:00:16,950 --> 00:00:16,960 in his epic saga the inferno the italian 3 00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:19,750 in his epic saga the inferno the italian poet dante tells of ulysses the greek 4 00:00:19,750 --> 00:00:19,760 poet dante tells of ulysses the greek 5 00:00:19,760 --> 00:00:21,830 poet dante tells of ulysses the greek hero who fought in the trojan war and 6 00:00:21,830 --> 00:00:21,840 hero who fought in the trojan war and 7 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:25,029 hero who fought in the trojan war and spent 20 adventurous years wandering the 8 00:00:25,029 --> 00:00:25,039 spent 20 adventurous years wandering the 9 00:00:25,039 --> 00:00:27,910 spent 20 adventurous years wandering the earth before returning home 10 00:00:27,910 --> 00:00:27,920 earth before returning home 11 00:00:27,920 --> 00:00:30,870 earth before returning home but as dante relates it ulysses bored 12 00:00:30,870 --> 00:00:30,880 but as dante relates it ulysses bored 13 00:00:30,880 --> 00:00:33,350 but as dante relates it ulysses bored with domestic life set off on still 14 00:00:33,350 --> 00:00:33,360 with domestic life set off on still 15 00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:35,510 with domestic life set off on still another voyage of discovery 16 00:00:35,510 --> 00:00:35,520 another voyage of discovery 17 00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:37,830 another voyage of discovery a voids taught an uninhabited world 18 00:00:37,830 --> 00:00:37,840 a voids taught an uninhabited world 19 00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:42,950 a voids taught an uninhabited world beyond the sun 20 00:00:42,950 --> 00:00:42,960 21 00:00:42,960 --> 00:00:45,990 in october of 1990 another ulysses will 22 00:00:45,990 --> 00:00:46,000 in october of 1990 another ulysses will 23 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:47,830 in october of 1990 another ulysses will begin an unprecedented voyage of 24 00:00:47,830 --> 00:00:47,840 begin an unprecedented voyage of 25 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:49,670 begin an unprecedented voyage of exploration 26 00:00:49,670 --> 00:00:49,680 exploration 27 00:00:49,680 --> 00:00:52,869 exploration this modern ulysses is a spacecraft 28 00:00:52,869 --> 00:00:52,879 this modern ulysses is a spacecraft 29 00:00:52,879 --> 00:00:55,029 this modern ulysses is a spacecraft bound for a region of our solar system 30 00:00:55,029 --> 00:00:55,039 bound for a region of our solar system 31 00:00:55,039 --> 00:00:57,430 bound for a region of our solar system never before explored 32 00:00:57,430 --> 00:00:57,440 never before explored 33 00:00:57,440 --> 00:01:13,030 never before explored the region above the sun's poles 34 00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:13,040 35 00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:14,870 stars 36 00:01:14,870 --> 00:01:14,880 stars 37 00:01:14,880 --> 00:01:18,950 stars uncounted billions grace our night skies 38 00:01:18,950 --> 00:01:18,960 uncounted billions grace our night skies 39 00:01:18,960 --> 00:01:21,350 uncounted billions grace our night skies but only one holds dominion over the 40 00:01:21,350 --> 00:01:21,360 but only one holds dominion over the 41 00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:22,390 but only one holds dominion over the earth 42 00:01:22,390 --> 00:01:22,400 earth 43 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:25,670 earth it is the star we call the sun 44 00:01:25,670 --> 00:01:25,680 it is the star we call the sun 45 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:27,190 it is the star we call the sun the giver of light 46 00:01:27,190 --> 00:01:27,200 the giver of light 47 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:28,550 the giver of light of warmth 48 00:01:28,550 --> 00:01:28,560 of warmth 49 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:30,550 of warmth of life itself 50 00:01:30,550 --> 00:01:30,560 of life itself 51 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:34,630 of life itself the ancients called it the perfect fire 52 00:01:34,630 --> 00:01:34,640 the ancients called it the perfect fire 53 00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:37,030 the ancients called it the perfect fire the sun is the only star we can see in 54 00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:37,040 the sun is the only star we can see in 55 00:01:37,040 --> 00:01:39,350 the sun is the only star we can see in the daytime and the only one close 56 00:01:39,350 --> 00:01:39,360 the daytime and the only one close 57 00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:41,749 the daytime and the only one close enough to study in detail 58 00:01:41,749 --> 00:01:41,759 enough to study in detail 59 00:01:41,759 --> 00:01:43,910 enough to study in detail it therefore provides scientists a 60 00:01:43,910 --> 00:01:43,920 it therefore provides scientists a 61 00:01:43,920 --> 00:01:46,710 it therefore provides scientists a unique window for the study of stars 62 00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:46,720 unique window for the study of stars 63 00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:48,950 unique window for the study of stars and the complex processes that go on 64 00:01:48,950 --> 00:01:48,960 and the complex processes that go on 65 00:01:48,960 --> 00:01:52,310 and the complex processes that go on within and around them 66 00:01:52,310 --> 00:01:52,320 within and around them 67 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:55,109 within and around them in recent decades astronomers aided by 68 00:01:55,109 --> 00:01:55,119 in recent decades astronomers aided by 69 00:01:55,119 --> 00:01:57,749 in recent decades astronomers aided by increasingly sophisticated instruments 70 00:01:57,749 --> 00:01:57,759 increasingly sophisticated instruments 71 00:01:57,759 --> 00:02:00,950 increasingly sophisticated instruments some earth-based some lofted into space 72 00:02:00,950 --> 00:02:00,960 some earth-based some lofted into space 73 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:03,510 some earth-based some lofted into space above earth's obscuring atmosphere 74 00:02:03,510 --> 00:02:03,520 above earth's obscuring atmosphere 75 00:02:03,520 --> 00:02:05,830 above earth's obscuring atmosphere have found our sun to be an exceedingly 76 00:02:05,830 --> 00:02:05,840 have found our sun to be an exceedingly 77 00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:17,190 have found our sun to be an exceedingly complex star with many faces 78 00:02:17,190 --> 00:02:17,200 79 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:19,110 but scientists have never been able to 80 00:02:19,110 --> 00:02:19,120 but scientists have never been able to 81 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:21,430 but scientists have never been able to observe a most important region of the 82 00:02:21,430 --> 00:02:21,440 observe a most important region of the 83 00:02:21,440 --> 00:02:23,589 observe a most important region of the sun its poles 84 00:02:23,589 --> 00:02:23,599 sun its poles 85 00:02:23,599 --> 00:02:25,589 sun its poles even instruments on spacecraft are 86 00:02:25,589 --> 00:02:25,599 even instruments on spacecraft are 87 00:02:25,599 --> 00:02:27,589 even instruments on spacecraft are unable to see over the top of this great 88 00:02:27,589 --> 00:02:27,599 unable to see over the top of this great 89 00:02:27,599 --> 00:02:28,630 unable to see over the top of this great sphere 90 00:02:28,630 --> 00:02:28,640 sphere 91 00:02:28,640 --> 00:02:30,630 sphere that's because until now we could study 92 00:02:30,630 --> 00:02:30,640 that's because until now we could study 93 00:02:30,640 --> 00:02:32,630 that's because until now we could study the sun only from within the ecliptic 94 00:02:32,630 --> 00:02:32,640 the sun only from within the ecliptic 95 00:02:32,640 --> 00:02:33,509 the sun only from within the ecliptic plane 96 00:02:33,509 --> 00:02:33,519 plane 97 00:02:33,519 --> 00:02:36,070 plane an imaginary nearly flat plane in which 98 00:02:36,070 --> 00:02:36,080 an imaginary nearly flat plane in which 99 00:02:36,080 --> 00:02:38,070 an imaginary nearly flat plane in which the earth and the other planets orbit 100 00:02:38,070 --> 00:02:38,080 the earth and the other planets orbit 101 00:02:38,080 --> 00:02:41,350 the earth and the other planets orbit the sun 102 00:02:41,350 --> 00:02:41,360 103 00:02:41,360 --> 00:02:43,430 yet scientists think our understanding 104 00:02:43,430 --> 00:02:43,440 yet scientists think our understanding 105 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:46,070 yet scientists think our understanding of the sun would be vastly increased if 106 00:02:46,070 --> 00:02:46,080 of the sun would be vastly increased if 107 00:02:46,080 --> 00:02:50,229 of the sun would be vastly increased if we could observe it from above its poles 108 00:02:50,229 --> 00:02:50,239 we could observe it from above its poles 109 00:02:50,239 --> 00:02:52,949 we could observe it from above its poles that is the goal of ulysses a joint 110 00:02:52,949 --> 00:02:52,959 that is the goal of ulysses a joint 111 00:02:52,959 --> 00:02:55,350 that is the goal of ulysses a joint mission between nasa and the european 112 00:02:55,350 --> 00:02:55,360 mission between nasa and the european 113 00:02:55,360 --> 00:02:57,910 mission between nasa and the european space agency eason 114 00:02:57,910 --> 00:02:57,920 space agency eason 115 00:02:57,920 --> 00:03:00,550 space agency eason willis meeks is american ulysses project 116 00:03:00,550 --> 00:03:00,560 willis meeks is american ulysses project 117 00:03:00,560 --> 00:03:01,589 willis meeks is american ulysses project manager 118 00:03:01,589 --> 00:03:01,599 manager 119 00:03:01,599 --> 00:03:03,430 manager ulysses is a one of a kind mission in 120 00:03:03,430 --> 00:03:03,440 ulysses is a one of a kind mission in 121 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:05,350 ulysses is a one of a kind mission in that it's the first time that we have a 122 00:03:05,350 --> 00:03:05,360 that it's the first time that we have a 123 00:03:05,360 --> 00:03:07,670 that it's the first time that we have a chance to fly spacecraft over the sun's 124 00:03:07,670 --> 00:03:07,680 chance to fly spacecraft over the sun's 125 00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:09,990 chance to fly spacecraft over the sun's poles to give us a look at the solar 126 00:03:09,990 --> 00:03:10,000 poles to give us a look at the solar 127 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:11,670 poles to give us a look at the solar system from that direction 128 00:03:11,670 --> 00:03:11,680 system from that direction 129 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:14,390 system from that direction we're also going to look at the total 130 00:03:14,390 --> 00:03:14,400 we're also going to look at the total 131 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:15,910 we're also going to look at the total sun's environment 132 00:03:15,910 --> 00:03:15,920 sun's environment 133 00:03:15,920 --> 00:03:17,270 sun's environment we're studying something called a 134 00:03:17,270 --> 00:03:17,280 we're studying something called a 135 00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:19,830 we're studying something called a heliosphere which is made up of all the 136 00:03:19,830 --> 00:03:19,840 heliosphere which is made up of all the 137 00:03:19,840 --> 00:03:22,309 heliosphere which is made up of all the things influenced by our sun 138 00:03:22,309 --> 00:03:22,319 things influenced by our sun 139 00:03:22,319 --> 00:03:25,430 things influenced by our sun it's a joint mission with nasa and the 140 00:03:25,430 --> 00:03:25,440 it's a joint mission with nasa and the 141 00:03:25,440 --> 00:03:27,910 it's a joint mission with nasa and the european space agency the europeans 142 00:03:27,910 --> 00:03:27,920 european space agency the europeans 143 00:03:27,920 --> 00:03:29,589 european space agency the europeans provide a spacecraft 144 00:03:29,589 --> 00:03:29,599 provide a spacecraft 145 00:03:29,599 --> 00:03:31,990 provide a spacecraft we provide a launch vehicle and a launch 146 00:03:31,990 --> 00:03:32,000 we provide a launch vehicle and a launch 147 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:33,110 we provide a launch vehicle and a launch facility 148 00:03:33,110 --> 00:03:33,120 facility 149 00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:35,190 facility the science investigations are split 150 00:03:35,190 --> 00:03:35,200 the science investigations are split 151 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:37,430 the science investigations are split right down the middle the instruments 152 00:03:37,430 --> 00:03:37,440 right down the middle the instruments 153 00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:38,869 right down the middle the instruments there are nine of them hardware 154 00:03:38,869 --> 00:03:38,879 there are nine of them hardware 155 00:03:38,879 --> 00:03:40,630 there are nine of them hardware instruments we provide half and the 156 00:03:40,630 --> 00:03:40,640 instruments we provide half and the 157 00:03:40,640 --> 00:03:42,789 instruments we provide half and the europeans provide the other half 158 00:03:42,789 --> 00:03:42,799 europeans provide the other half 159 00:03:42,799 --> 00:03:44,229 europeans provide the other half the mission will be flown from right 160 00:03:44,229 --> 00:03:44,239 the mission will be flown from right 161 00:03:44,239 --> 00:03:55,190 the mission will be flown from right here at jpl 162 00:03:55,190 --> 00:03:55,200 163 00:03:55,200 --> 00:03:59,270 launch is scheduled for october 1990. 164 00:03:59,270 --> 00:03:59,280 launch is scheduled for october 1990. 165 00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:01,429 launch is scheduled for october 1990. the american space shuttle discovery 166 00:04:01,429 --> 00:04:01,439 the american space shuttle discovery 167 00:04:01,439 --> 00:04:03,589 the american space shuttle discovery will first carry ulysses into orbit 168 00:04:03,589 --> 00:04:03,599 will first carry ulysses into orbit 169 00:04:03,599 --> 00:04:05,110 will first carry ulysses into orbit around the earth 170 00:04:05,110 --> 00:04:05,120 around the earth 171 00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:07,190 around the earth there ulysses will be released from the 172 00:04:07,190 --> 00:04:07,200 there ulysses will be released from the 173 00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:10,470 there ulysses will be released from the shuttle's cargo bay 174 00:04:10,470 --> 00:04:10,480 175 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:12,309 after the shuttle has withdrawn to a 176 00:04:12,309 --> 00:04:12,319 after the shuttle has withdrawn to a 177 00:04:12,319 --> 00:04:13,750 after the shuttle has withdrawn to a safe distance 178 00:04:13,750 --> 00:04:13,760 safe distance 179 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:16,310 safe distance two powerful rocket motors will fire and 180 00:04:16,310 --> 00:04:16,320 two powerful rocket motors will fire and 181 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:20,390 two powerful rocket motors will fire and send ulysses on its way 182 00:04:20,390 --> 00:04:20,400 183 00:04:20,400 --> 00:04:22,550 it will take nearly four years to get to 184 00:04:22,550 --> 00:04:22,560 it will take nearly four years to get to 185 00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:23,830 it will take nearly four years to get to the sun 186 00:04:23,830 --> 00:04:23,840 the sun 187 00:04:23,840 --> 00:04:25,909 the sun this long journey is made necessary by 188 00:04:25,909 --> 00:04:25,919 this long journey is made necessary by 189 00:04:25,919 --> 00:04:28,150 this long journey is made necessary by the earth's own orbital motion around 190 00:04:28,150 --> 00:04:28,160 the earth's own orbital motion around 191 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:29,590 the earth's own orbital motion around the sun 192 00:04:29,590 --> 00:04:29,600 the sun 193 00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:32,150 the sun dr edgar page european science 194 00:04:32,150 --> 00:04:32,160 dr edgar page european science 195 00:04:32,160 --> 00:04:34,070 dr edgar page european science coordinator explains 196 00:04:34,070 --> 00:04:34,080 coordinator explains 197 00:04:34,080 --> 00:04:36,230 coordinator explains well getting out of the ecliptic plane 198 00:04:36,230 --> 00:04:36,240 well getting out of the ecliptic plane 199 00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:38,950 well getting out of the ecliptic plane is not very easy it requires a lot of 200 00:04:38,950 --> 00:04:38,960 is not very easy it requires a lot of 201 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:40,870 is not very easy it requires a lot of launch vehicle energy 202 00:04:40,870 --> 00:04:40,880 launch vehicle energy 203 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:42,469 launch vehicle energy and i suppose that's one of the reasons 204 00:04:42,469 --> 00:04:42,479 and i suppose that's one of the reasons 205 00:04:42,479 --> 00:04:44,870 and i suppose that's one of the reasons we haven't done the mission before now 206 00:04:44,870 --> 00:04:44,880 we haven't done the mission before now 207 00:04:44,880 --> 00:04:47,189 we haven't done the mission before now now what's the reason for this well most 208 00:04:47,189 --> 00:04:47,199 now what's the reason for this well most 209 00:04:47,199 --> 00:04:49,030 now what's the reason for this well most normal launches 210 00:04:49,030 --> 00:04:49,040 normal launches 211 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:51,590 normal launches take advantage of the orbital velocity 212 00:04:51,590 --> 00:04:51,600 take advantage of the orbital velocity 213 00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:53,990 take advantage of the orbital velocity of the earth they go along in the same 214 00:04:53,990 --> 00:04:54,000 of the earth they go along in the same 215 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:55,030 of the earth they go along in the same direction 216 00:04:55,030 --> 00:04:55,040 direction 217 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:57,030 direction but this time of course we can't do that 218 00:04:57,030 --> 00:04:57,040 but this time of course we can't do that 219 00:04:57,040 --> 00:04:59,110 but this time of course we can't do that we have to get ourselves perpendicular 220 00:04:59,110 --> 00:04:59,120 we have to get ourselves perpendicular 221 00:04:59,120 --> 00:05:01,270 we have to get ourselves perpendicular to the velocity of the earth we want out 222 00:05:01,270 --> 00:05:01,280 to the velocity of the earth we want out 223 00:05:01,280 --> 00:05:03,670 to the velocity of the earth we want out of the ecliptic plane 224 00:05:03,670 --> 00:05:03,680 of the ecliptic plane 225 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:06,310 of the ecliptic plane now the energy available from even a 226 00:05:06,310 --> 00:05:06,320 now the energy available from even a 227 00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:08,550 now the energy available from even a nasa shuttle launch is not sufficient to 228 00:05:08,550 --> 00:05:08,560 nasa shuttle launch is not sufficient to 229 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:11,029 nasa shuttle launch is not sufficient to do that so we have to ask for some help 230 00:05:11,029 --> 00:05:11,039 do that so we have to ask for some help 231 00:05:11,039 --> 00:05:13,350 do that so we have to ask for some help and we get that from the giant planet 232 00:05:13,350 --> 00:05:13,360 and we get that from the giant planet 233 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:17,430 and we get that from the giant planet jupiter 234 00:05:17,430 --> 00:05:17,440 235 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:19,990 we start from earth we go fast towards 236 00:05:19,990 --> 00:05:20,000 we start from earth we go fast towards 237 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:21,110 we start from earth we go fast towards jupiter 238 00:05:21,110 --> 00:05:21,120 jupiter 239 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:23,110 jupiter and then as we get close to jupiter 240 00:05:23,110 --> 00:05:23,120 and then as we get close to jupiter 241 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:25,590 and then as we get close to jupiter jupiter reaches out its gravity hand and 242 00:05:25,590 --> 00:05:25,600 jupiter reaches out its gravity hand and 243 00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:28,070 jupiter reaches out its gravity hand and grabs us and pulls us around from its 244 00:05:28,070 --> 00:05:28,080 grabs us and pulls us around from its 245 00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:31,270 grabs us and pulls us around from its north pole to its south pole and sends 246 00:05:31,270 --> 00:05:31,280 north pole to its south pole and sends 247 00:05:31,280 --> 00:05:32,390 north pole to its south pole and sends us off 248 00:05:32,390 --> 00:05:32,400 us off 249 00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:34,550 us off south of the ecliptic plain back towards 250 00:05:34,550 --> 00:05:34,560 south of the ecliptic plain back towards 251 00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:36,390 south of the ecliptic plain back towards the sun 252 00:05:36,390 --> 00:05:36,400 the sun 253 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:37,830 the sun throughout the mission 254 00:05:37,830 --> 00:05:37,840 throughout the mission 255 00:05:37,840 --> 00:05:40,150 throughout the mission nasa's deep space network will track 256 00:05:40,150 --> 00:05:40,160 nasa's deep space network will track 257 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:42,870 nasa's deep space network will track ulysses receiving data from previously 258 00:05:42,870 --> 00:05:42,880 ulysses receiving data from previously 259 00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:45,430 ulysses receiving data from previously unexplored regions of our solar system 260 00:05:45,430 --> 00:05:45,440 unexplored regions of our solar system 261 00:05:45,440 --> 00:05:53,430 unexplored regions of our solar system for analysis by earth-bound astronomers 262 00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:53,440 263 00:05:53,440 --> 00:05:55,590 scientists are sure to reap a rich 264 00:05:55,590 --> 00:05:55,600 scientists are sure to reap a rich 265 00:05:55,600 --> 00:05:58,469 scientists are sure to reap a rich scientific harvest as ulysses and its 266 00:05:58,469 --> 00:05:58,479 scientific harvest as ulysses and its 267 00:05:58,479 --> 00:06:00,790 scientific harvest as ulysses and its nine instruments explore previously 268 00:06:00,790 --> 00:06:00,800 nine instruments explore previously 269 00:06:00,800 --> 00:06:09,189 nine instruments explore previously unreachable regions of the sun's domain 270 00:06:09,189 --> 00:06:09,199 271 00:06:09,199 --> 00:06:11,909 basically we're interested in uh 272 00:06:11,909 --> 00:06:11,919 basically we're interested in uh 273 00:06:11,919 --> 00:06:14,469 basically we're interested in uh making observations over the poles of 274 00:06:14,469 --> 00:06:14,479 making observations over the poles of 275 00:06:14,479 --> 00:06:16,790 making observations over the poles of the sun something which has never been 276 00:06:16,790 --> 00:06:16,800 the sun something which has never been 277 00:06:16,800 --> 00:06:18,390 the sun something which has never been done before 278 00:06:18,390 --> 00:06:18,400 done before 279 00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:20,469 done before we have a lot of reasons for 280 00:06:20,469 --> 00:06:20,479 we have a lot of reasons for 281 00:06:20,479 --> 00:06:21,990 we have a lot of reasons for wanting to do that 282 00:06:21,990 --> 00:06:22,000 wanting to do that 283 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:24,230 wanting to do that and many reasons for thinking that 284 00:06:24,230 --> 00:06:24,240 and many reasons for thinking that 285 00:06:24,240 --> 00:06:25,350 and many reasons for thinking that conditions 286 00:06:25,350 --> 00:06:25,360 conditions 287 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:26,469 conditions in that 288 00:06:26,469 --> 00:06:26,479 in that 289 00:06:26,479 --> 00:06:27,909 in that particular region of space are going to 290 00:06:27,909 --> 00:06:27,919 particular region of space are going to 291 00:06:27,919 --> 00:06:29,909 particular region of space are going to be very different than the kinds of 292 00:06:29,909 --> 00:06:29,919 be very different than the kinds of 293 00:06:29,919 --> 00:06:31,510 be very different than the kinds of conditions we've been sampling over the 294 00:06:31,510 --> 00:06:31,520 conditions we've been sampling over the 295 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:33,350 conditions we've been sampling over the last 20 or 30 years 296 00:06:33,350 --> 00:06:33,360 last 20 or 30 years 297 00:06:33,360 --> 00:06:36,070 last 20 or 30 years we have been making measurements 298 00:06:36,070 --> 00:06:36,080 we have been making measurements 299 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:38,870 we have been making measurements in a flat two-dimensional plane 300 00:06:38,870 --> 00:06:38,880 in a flat two-dimensional plane 301 00:06:38,880 --> 00:06:40,390 in a flat two-dimensional plane when the object we're really trying to 302 00:06:40,390 --> 00:06:40,400 when the object we're really trying to 303 00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:41,670 when the object we're really trying to understand is basically 304 00:06:41,670 --> 00:06:41,680 understand is basically 305 00:06:41,680 --> 00:06:43,430 understand is basically three-dimensional 306 00:06:43,430 --> 00:06:43,440 three-dimensional 307 00:06:43,440 --> 00:06:45,909 three-dimensional and the object of this mission now is to 308 00:06:45,909 --> 00:06:45,919 and the object of this mission now is to 309 00:06:45,919 --> 00:06:47,510 and the object of this mission now is to extend our knowledge into that third 310 00:06:47,510 --> 00:06:47,520 extend our knowledge into that third 311 00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:49,110 extend our knowledge into that third dimension 312 00:06:49,110 --> 00:06:49,120 dimension 313 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:51,110 dimension once we have that knowledge we'll be in 314 00:06:51,110 --> 00:06:51,120 once we have that knowledge we'll be in 315 00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:53,830 once we have that knowledge we'll be in a better position to reevaluate the 316 00:06:53,830 --> 00:06:53,840 a better position to reevaluate the 317 00:06:53,840 --> 00:06:57,029 a better position to reevaluate the complicated conditions that we find near 318 00:06:57,029 --> 00:06:57,039 complicated conditions that we find near 319 00:06:57,039 --> 00:06:59,830 complicated conditions that we find near the solar equator 320 00:06:59,830 --> 00:06:59,840 the solar equator 321 00:06:59,840 --> 00:07:02,309 the solar equator its mission will carry ulysses over both 322 00:07:02,309 --> 00:07:02,319 its mission will carry ulysses over both 323 00:07:02,319 --> 00:07:04,870 its mission will carry ulysses over both of the sun's poles to probe the sun's 324 00:07:04,870 --> 00:07:04,880 of the sun's poles to probe the sun's 325 00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:07,749 of the sun's poles to probe the sun's corona the diaphanous crown that we see 326 00:07:07,749 --> 00:07:07,759 corona the diaphanous crown that we see 327 00:07:07,759 --> 00:07:11,029 corona the diaphanous crown that we see only during an eclipse 328 00:07:11,029 --> 00:07:11,039 only during an eclipse 329 00:07:11,039 --> 00:07:13,830 only during an eclipse the solar wind a gale of charged 330 00:07:13,830 --> 00:07:13,840 the solar wind a gale of charged 331 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:16,950 the solar wind a gale of charged particles that stream away from the sun 332 00:07:16,950 --> 00:07:16,960 particles that stream away from the sun 333 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:19,270 particles that stream away from the sun and the tangled magnetic field which is 334 00:07:19,270 --> 00:07:19,280 and the tangled magnetic field which is 335 00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:22,550 and the tangled magnetic field which is carried into space by the solar wind 336 00:07:22,550 --> 00:07:22,560 carried into space by the solar wind 337 00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:25,270 carried into space by the solar wind finally some of ulysses instruments will 338 00:07:25,270 --> 00:07:25,280 finally some of ulysses instruments will 339 00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:27,990 finally some of ulysses instruments will detect and measure cosmic rays coming 340 00:07:27,990 --> 00:07:28,000 detect and measure cosmic rays coming 341 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:30,469 detect and measure cosmic rays coming from the deeper reaches of our milky way 342 00:07:30,469 --> 00:07:30,479 from the deeper reaches of our milky way 343 00:07:30,479 --> 00:07:34,070 from the deeper reaches of our milky way galaxy 344 00:07:34,070 --> 00:07:34,080 345 00:07:34,080 --> 00:07:36,629 the sun as we've come to know is far 346 00:07:36,629 --> 00:07:36,639 the sun as we've come to know is far 347 00:07:36,639 --> 00:07:38,629 the sun as we've come to know is far from being the perfect fire the ancients 348 00:07:38,629 --> 00:07:38,639 from being the perfect fire the ancients 349 00:07:38,639 --> 00:07:40,390 from being the perfect fire the ancients believed it to be 350 00:07:40,390 --> 00:07:40,400 believed it to be 351 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:43,510 believed it to be it is instead a seething thermonuclear 352 00:07:43,510 --> 00:07:43,520 it is instead a seething thermonuclear 353 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:44,869 it is instead a seething thermonuclear cauldron 354 00:07:44,869 --> 00:07:44,879 cauldron 355 00:07:44,879 --> 00:07:47,430 cauldron vast quantities of energy burst from the 356 00:07:47,430 --> 00:07:47,440 vast quantities of energy burst from the 357 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:50,309 vast quantities of energy burst from the interior to create unimaginable turmoil 358 00:07:50,309 --> 00:07:50,319 interior to create unimaginable turmoil 359 00:07:50,319 --> 00:07:51,909 interior to create unimaginable turmoil at the surface 360 00:07:51,909 --> 00:07:51,919 at the surface 361 00:07:51,919 --> 00:07:54,070 at the surface and as the energy pours outward across 362 00:07:54,070 --> 00:07:54,080 and as the energy pours outward across 363 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:57,350 and as the energy pours outward across space it carries ever-shifting electric 364 00:07:57,350 --> 00:07:57,360 space it carries ever-shifting electric 365 00:07:57,360 --> 00:07:59,749 space it carries ever-shifting electric and magnetic fields throughout the solar 366 00:07:59,749 --> 00:07:59,759 and magnetic fields throughout the solar 367 00:07:59,759 --> 00:08:02,950 and magnetic fields throughout the solar system 368 00:08:02,950 --> 00:08:02,960 369 00:08:02,960 --> 00:08:05,189 what complicates matters even more is 370 00:08:05,189 --> 00:08:05,199 what complicates matters even more is 371 00:08:05,199 --> 00:08:08,550 what complicates matters even more is that the sun rotates every 27 days 372 00:08:08,550 --> 00:08:08,560 that the sun rotates every 27 days 373 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:11,029 that the sun rotates every 27 days and material at the equator rotates 374 00:08:11,029 --> 00:08:11,039 and material at the equator rotates 375 00:08:11,039 --> 00:08:13,990 and material at the equator rotates faster than material at the bones 376 00:08:13,990 --> 00:08:14,000 faster than material at the bones 377 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:15,350 faster than material at the bones as a result 378 00:08:15,350 --> 00:08:15,360 as a result 379 00:08:15,360 --> 00:08:17,830 as a result the sun's magnetic and electrical fields 380 00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:17,840 the sun's magnetic and electrical fields 381 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:20,230 the sun's magnetic and electrical fields at the equator become tangled and 382 00:08:20,230 --> 00:08:20,240 at the equator become tangled and 383 00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:23,589 at the equator become tangled and hopelessly complex 384 00:08:23,589 --> 00:08:23,599 hopelessly complex 385 00:08:23,599 --> 00:08:25,670 hopelessly complex still more complexities arise in the 386 00:08:25,670 --> 00:08:25,680 still more complexities arise in the 387 00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:28,230 still more complexities arise in the constantly shifting corona 388 00:08:28,230 --> 00:08:28,240 constantly shifting corona 389 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:30,710 constantly shifting corona even before spacecraft scientists 390 00:08:30,710 --> 00:08:30,720 even before spacecraft scientists 391 00:08:30,720 --> 00:08:32,389 even before spacecraft scientists theorized that there was a strong 392 00:08:32,389 --> 00:08:32,399 theorized that there was a strong 393 00:08:32,399 --> 00:08:34,389 theorized that there was a strong relation between the corona and the 394 00:08:34,389 --> 00:08:34,399 relation between the corona and the 395 00:08:34,399 --> 00:08:36,709 relation between the corona and the solar wind 396 00:08:36,709 --> 00:08:36,719 solar wind 397 00:08:36,719 --> 00:08:38,550 solar wind this relation became clear after 398 00:08:38,550 --> 00:08:38,560 this relation became clear after 399 00:08:38,560 --> 00:08:40,709 this relation became clear after spacecraft made it possible to observe 400 00:08:40,709 --> 00:08:40,719 spacecraft made it possible to observe 401 00:08:40,719 --> 00:08:42,310 spacecraft made it possible to observe the sun from above the earth's 402 00:08:42,310 --> 00:08:42,320 the sun from above the earth's 403 00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:44,070 the sun from above the earth's atmosphere 404 00:08:44,070 --> 00:08:44,080 atmosphere 405 00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:46,949 atmosphere that's when scientists discovered huge 406 00:08:46,949 --> 00:08:46,959 that's when scientists discovered huge 407 00:08:46,959 --> 00:08:49,030 that's when scientists discovered huge tears in the corona 408 00:08:49,030 --> 00:08:49,040 tears in the corona 409 00:08:49,040 --> 00:08:51,750 tears in the corona these coronal holes here seen as dark 410 00:08:51,750 --> 00:08:51,760 these coronal holes here seen as dark 411 00:08:51,760 --> 00:08:55,350 these coronal holes here seen as dark patches are the source of the solar wind 412 00:08:55,350 --> 00:08:55,360 patches are the source of the solar wind 413 00:08:55,360 --> 00:08:57,670 patches are the source of the solar wind low and high energy particles burst 414 00:08:57,670 --> 00:08:57,680 low and high energy particles burst 415 00:08:57,680 --> 00:09:00,070 low and high energy particles burst outward from these vast regions at 416 00:09:00,070 --> 00:09:00,080 outward from these vast regions at 417 00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:02,550 outward from these vast regions at speeds of up to a thousand kilometers 418 00:09:02,550 --> 00:09:02,560 speeds of up to a thousand kilometers 419 00:09:02,560 --> 00:09:04,870 speeds of up to a thousand kilometers per second 420 00:09:04,870 --> 00:09:04,880 per second 421 00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:06,790 per second solar wind particles move at many 422 00:09:06,790 --> 00:09:06,800 solar wind particles move at many 423 00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:09,190 solar wind particles move at many different speeds and so the fast 424 00:09:09,190 --> 00:09:09,200 different speeds and so the fast 425 00:09:09,200 --> 00:09:11,110 different speeds and so the fast particles bunch up behind the slower 426 00:09:11,110 --> 00:09:11,120 particles bunch up behind the slower 427 00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:13,590 particles bunch up behind the slower ones and overtake them 428 00:09:13,590 --> 00:09:13,600 ones and overtake them 429 00:09:13,600 --> 00:09:15,990 ones and overtake them the result is a traffic jam that snarls 430 00:09:15,990 --> 00:09:16,000 the result is a traffic jam that snarls 431 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:17,829 the result is a traffic jam that snarls the magnetic field lines around the 432 00:09:17,829 --> 00:09:17,839 the magnetic field lines around the 433 00:09:17,839 --> 00:09:20,470 the magnetic field lines around the sun's equator into a tangle that twists 434 00:09:20,470 --> 00:09:20,480 sun's equator into a tangle that twists 435 00:09:20,480 --> 00:09:23,190 sun's equator into a tangle that twists and knots and becomes ever harder to 436 00:09:23,190 --> 00:09:23,200 and knots and becomes ever harder to 437 00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:26,470 and knots and becomes ever harder to understand 438 00:09:26,470 --> 00:09:26,480 439 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:28,710 ulysses scientists will also study 440 00:09:28,710 --> 00:09:28,720 ulysses scientists will also study 441 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:30,790 ulysses scientists will also study particles that originate during solar 442 00:09:30,790 --> 00:09:30,800 particles that originate during solar 443 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:33,670 particles that originate during solar flares 444 00:09:33,670 --> 00:09:33,680 445 00:09:33,680 --> 00:09:36,150 solar flares are the most catastrophic 446 00:09:36,150 --> 00:09:36,160 solar flares are the most catastrophic 447 00:09:36,160 --> 00:09:38,710 solar flares are the most catastrophic and energetic events on the sun 448 00:09:38,710 --> 00:09:38,720 and energetic events on the sun 449 00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:41,269 and energetic events on the sun the particles they yield have extremely 450 00:09:41,269 --> 00:09:41,279 the particles they yield have extremely 451 00:09:41,279 --> 00:09:43,430 the particles they yield have extremely high energies 452 00:09:43,430 --> 00:09:43,440 high energies 453 00:09:43,440 --> 00:09:45,829 high energies these high energy particles explode 454 00:09:45,829 --> 00:09:45,839 these high energy particles explode 455 00:09:45,839 --> 00:09:46,870 these high energy particles explode outward 456 00:09:46,870 --> 00:09:46,880 outward 457 00:09:46,880 --> 00:09:49,269 outward leaping from one magnetic field line to 458 00:09:49,269 --> 00:09:49,279 leaping from one magnetic field line to 459 00:09:49,279 --> 00:09:51,590 leaping from one magnetic field line to another further distorting the picture 460 00:09:51,590 --> 00:09:51,600 another further distorting the picture 461 00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:54,790 another further distorting the picture around the sun's equator 462 00:09:54,790 --> 00:09:54,800 around the sun's equator 463 00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:56,949 around the sun's equator but over the poles there should be less 464 00:09:56,949 --> 00:09:56,959 but over the poles there should be less 465 00:09:56,959 --> 00:10:00,630 but over the poles there should be less turmoil and therefore greater simplicity 466 00:10:00,630 --> 00:10:00,640 turmoil and therefore greater simplicity 467 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:02,790 turmoil and therefore greater simplicity that simplicity should bring valuable 468 00:10:02,790 --> 00:10:02,800 that simplicity should bring valuable 469 00:10:02,800 --> 00:10:09,350 that simplicity should bring valuable insight into processes in the corona 470 00:10:09,350 --> 00:10:09,360 471 00:10:09,360 --> 00:10:11,990 while ulysses is near the poles it will 472 00:10:11,990 --> 00:10:12,000 while ulysses is near the poles it will 473 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:14,230 while ulysses is near the poles it will also measure cosmic rays 474 00:10:14,230 --> 00:10:14,240 also measure cosmic rays 475 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:16,790 also measure cosmic rays particles from dying suns far more 476 00:10:16,790 --> 00:10:16,800 particles from dying suns far more 477 00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:19,430 particles from dying suns far more distant than our own 478 00:10:19,430 --> 00:10:19,440 distant than our own 479 00:10:19,440 --> 00:10:22,069 distant than our own cosmic rays are born in the cataclysm of 480 00:10:22,069 --> 00:10:22,079 cosmic rays are born in the cataclysm of 481 00:10:22,079 --> 00:10:23,670 cosmic rays are born in the cataclysm of supernovas 482 00:10:23,670 --> 00:10:23,680 supernovas 483 00:10:23,680 --> 00:10:26,310 supernovas old stars which suddenly explode with 484 00:10:26,310 --> 00:10:26,320 old stars which suddenly explode with 485 00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:28,630 old stars which suddenly explode with unimaginable violence 486 00:10:28,630 --> 00:10:28,640 unimaginable violence 487 00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:30,630 unimaginable violence hurled across space with incredible 488 00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:30,640 hurled across space with incredible 489 00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:33,670 hurled across space with incredible energy cosmic rays bear the signature of 490 00:10:33,670 --> 00:10:33,680 energy cosmic rays bear the signature of 491 00:10:33,680 --> 00:10:36,389 energy cosmic rays bear the signature of the events that formed 492 00:10:36,389 --> 00:10:36,399 the events that formed 493 00:10:36,399 --> 00:10:38,550 the events that formed but cosmic rays entering the solar 494 00:10:38,550 --> 00:10:38,560 but cosmic rays entering the solar 495 00:10:38,560 --> 00:10:41,190 but cosmic rays entering the solar system near the equator interact with 496 00:10:41,190 --> 00:10:41,200 system near the equator interact with 497 00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:43,829 system near the equator interact with the solar wind and the sun's magnetic 498 00:10:43,829 --> 00:10:43,839 the solar wind and the sun's magnetic 499 00:10:43,839 --> 00:10:44,870 the solar wind and the sun's magnetic field 500 00:10:44,870 --> 00:10:44,880 field 501 00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:47,269 field as a result they are changed so 502 00:10:47,269 --> 00:10:47,279 as a result they are changed so 503 00:10:47,279 --> 00:10:48,790 as a result they are changed so dramatically as to be nearly 504 00:10:48,790 --> 00:10:48,800 dramatically as to be nearly 505 00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:52,550 dramatically as to be nearly unrecognizable 506 00:10:52,550 --> 00:10:52,560 507 00:10:52,560 --> 00:10:55,030 above the poles however cosmic rays 508 00:10:55,030 --> 00:10:55,040 above the poles however cosmic rays 509 00:10:55,040 --> 00:10:57,590 above the poles however cosmic rays should change very little enabling us to 510 00:10:57,590 --> 00:10:57,600 should change very little enabling us to 511 00:10:57,600 --> 00:11:00,150 should change very little enabling us to understand the messages of cosmic events 512 00:11:00,150 --> 00:11:00,160 understand the messages of cosmic events 513 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:03,990 understand the messages of cosmic events long past 514 00:11:03,990 --> 00:11:04,000 515 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:06,230 i sometimes get asked why we do missions 516 00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:06,240 i sometimes get asked why we do missions 517 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:07,670 i sometimes get asked why we do missions like ulysses 518 00:11:07,670 --> 00:11:07,680 like ulysses 519 00:11:07,680 --> 00:11:10,310 like ulysses well humans are curious beings and we 520 00:11:10,310 --> 00:11:10,320 well humans are curious beings and we 521 00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:11,910 well humans are curious beings and we like to know what's over the next hill 522 00:11:11,910 --> 00:11:11,920 like to know what's over the next hill 523 00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:13,350 like to know what's over the next hill so to speak 524 00:11:13,350 --> 00:11:13,360 so to speak 525 00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:15,750 so to speak and just like in dante's story ulysses 526 00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:15,760 and just like in dante's story ulysses 527 00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:18,310 and just like in dante's story ulysses went off to explore unknown lands 528 00:11:18,310 --> 00:11:18,320 went off to explore unknown lands 529 00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:20,470 went off to explore unknown lands the ulysses spacecraft is our way of 530 00:11:20,470 --> 00:11:20,480 the ulysses spacecraft is our way of 531 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:23,269 the ulysses spacecraft is our way of exploring unknown regions of space 532 00:11:23,269 --> 00:11:23,279 exploring unknown regions of space 533 00:11:23,279 --> 00:11:24,949 exploring unknown regions of space and our reward will be a better 534 00:11:24,949 --> 00:11:24,959 and our reward will be a better 535 00:11:24,959 --> 00:11:26,630 and our reward will be a better understanding of the environment in 536 00:11:26,630 --> 00:11:26,640 understanding of the environment in 537 00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:28,389 understanding of the environment in which the earth moves 538 00:11:28,389 --> 00:11:28,399 which the earth moves 539 00:11:28,399 --> 00:11:30,630 which the earth moves and also a better understanding of that 540 00:11:30,630 --> 00:11:30,640 and also a better understanding of that 541 00:11:30,640 --> 00:12:05,350 and also a better understanding of that star that means so much to us the sun 542 00:12:05,350 --> 00:12:05,360 543 00:12:05,360 --> 00:12:07,440 you